An Analysis Of Cigarette Ignition Environmental Sciences Essay

An Analysis Of Cigarette Ignition Environmental Sciences Essay Hydrogen or deuterium gas when mixed with air or oxygen forms a highly flammable mixture over a wide range of proportions; they also form flammable mixtures with chlorine and the oxides of nitrogen, further, they will also react spontaneously with fluorine and chlorine trifluoride. Because it is impossible to guarantee that any system will be completely leak free every effort should be made to exclude all sources of ignition. The designer and the user should give careful consideration to the risk from a wide variety of ignition sources e.g. smoking, flames, hot surfaces, electrical and other sparking, static electricity, shock, impact, catalytic and chemical action. , Thus petrol vapour mixed with air has a lower flammability limit of just over 1% and an upper limit of 6% by volume petrol vapour in air, at normally encountered temperatures. Concentrations below the lower limit are said to be lean mixtures and those above the upper limit rich mixtures Flammability For flammable liquids with flash point temperatures above normal ambient, e.g., kerosene, white spirit and diesel oil, an ignition source has to ignite not only the flammable mixture of fuel vapour but to generate this mixture in the first place by heating the bulk liquid. Ignition delay A further factor in the mechanism of ignition of gases and vapours is the ignition delay time or induction period, that is the time period between bringing a potentially flammable mixture to a condition where it will ignite, Ignition delay times are dependent on temperature and are reduced with an increase in temperature. Cigarette composition and combustion Composition The most commonly encountered, manufactured cigarette consists of a cylindrical packed bed of 1 g of shredded tobacco enclosed in paper and is generally 8 mm in diameter and 65 mm to 85 mm long. The strands of tobacco are non-uniformly packed and the volume of the cigarette consists of about 75 percent free space. Often a smoke filter is attached and this is typically 20 mm long and contains cellulose acetate, paper fibres and sometimes charcoal. The Virginia tobacco typically used in the manufacture of British cigarettes contains less than 0.1 % of nitrates. One obvious difference in their burning characteristics is that hand-rolled cigarettes tend to go out unless puffed by the smoker, whereas a cigarette with tightly packed tobacco will smoulder for about twenty minutes with no assistance from the smoker. The experimental work reported here and the discussion relates to manufactured cigarettes. The smoke itself consists of mainstream smoke, from the maximum gas phase temperature (850Â °C) was at the centre butt end of the cigarette during suction by a smoker, and. sidestream smoke during the smoking cycle. The term used here for the suction or drawing process during smoking is puffing of the cigarette. One puff of a cigarette is, there- the fore, one suction or draw by the smoker. There are two main regions at the tip on the coal, namely the combustion zone A and the pyrolysis and distillation zone B. Combustible vapours are produced in zone B prior to ignition in zone A In the interval between puffs, the natural convection flow of air around the combustion coal in an upwards direction sustains burning, and forms the sidestrearn smoke. Baker [33] employed two different methods of measurement, one for the solid phase and one for the gas phase, and his results are generally accepted as being representative of the temperatures encountered inside a burning cigarette tip. smoking machine, taking a 35 cm3 volume of 2 sec duration, once per minute of both the gas and solid phases, were determined. These temperatures can, therefore, be regarded as approaching the maximum attained during the drawing of a cigarette surprisingly, the maximum solid phase temperature in the area region of 900Â °C-950Â °C was attained at the points of maximum air flow, i.e., 0.2 mm to 1 mm forward of the paper burn line. This is the area of the cigarette where a distinct pale red glow can be seen when a cigarette is puffed. The maximum gas phase temperature (850Â °C) was at the centre of the cigarette coal. Ignition of gases and vapours by hot surfaces Although the tip of a cigarette cannot be treated simply as a hot surface in a discussion about its potential to ignite substances, it is useful to consider such an ignition source and the combustion parameters involved. Powell has reviewed much detailed experimental work on hot surface ignition [42], and the results provide an insight into some of the reasons for ignition or otherwise of flammable gas and vapour mixtures by a lighted cigarette. Some of the factors involved in the ignition of flammable mixtures of vapour or gas by hot surfaces are: temperature of heated surface; contact time of gas and surface; movement of gas; composition of surface; shape and size of surface; chemical nature of substance; ignition delay time. Ignition of gases and vapours by lighted cigarettes Experiments carried out at the US Bureau of Mines found that a smoked (puffed) cigarette would only ignite methane air mixture if the latter were caused to flow across the glowing cigarette at 1000 ft per min. Attempts were made to ignite propane, petrol and butane with lighted cigarettes without success and similar results were obtained with white spirit Laboratory studies of ignition by a lighted cigarette were carried out by Yockers and Segal testing the liquids carbon disulphide, ethyl ether, benzene, toluene, xylene, acetone, methylethylketone, amylacetate, ethylacetate, ethyl benzene, ethanol, methanol, petroleum ether, gasoline and Stoddard solvent (white spirit) [50]. They suggested that it might be thought that a cigarette would ignite these substances as their ignition temperatures were lower than those encountered in the burning tip of a cigarette. Carbon disulphide was readily ignited and ignition also occurred during one of the tests with toluene. Ignition of toluene could not be achieved, however, in several subsequent tests under the conditions which prevailed during the one ignition. It was speculated that this one ignition was perhaps owing to a hot spot when a solid chunk of tobacco seems to spit or sizzle. (It was later suggested that as some tobaccos in the USA contain nitrates, a concentration of this substance could give rise to a hot spot as described in Yockers and Segals paper.) They also tried without success to ignite natural gas (mostly methane), butane and acetylene. Carbon disulphide, acetylene, ethylene oxide, hydrogen sulphide and hydrogen phosphide were readily ignited. Diethyl ether was ignited but only in a closed vessel and after a long delay. Included in the substances which were not ignited were methane, butane, benzene, hexane and cyclohexane. In 1989 scientists at the Research and Technology Division of British Gas studied the effects of lighted cigarettes on methane and ethylene. Six tests were carried out wit smoked cigarettes in natural gas-air mixtures over a concentration range of 5.6% (v/v) to 9.6% (v/v) natural gas in air; tests were also carried out with ethylene-air mixtures Flammability limits The low values of the upper flammable limits of methane, gasoline and propane suggest that in the burning tip of the cigarette or indeed at the surface, oxygen is not present in a sufficient concentration to allow ignition. At the temperatures encountered (700Â °C to 950Â °C), the upper limit would be much higher than those quoted for ambient temperatures but insufficient oxygen molecules are present. Some regions of the cigarette coal are virtually depleted of oxygen and in other areas less than 10% oxygen by volume was measured. In addition to this, carbon dioxide is produced during the combustion of the tobacco and it has been shown by Jones et a1 [54] that gasoline vapour-air-carbon dioxide mixtures are non-flammable when the concentration of carbon dioxide in the mixture exceeds 28.9% by volume. Although some combustible gases such as carbon monoxide and hydrogen are produced, inside the cigarette coal there is a reducing atmosphere depleted in oxygen. A cigarette tip does not, therefore, have sufficient heat energy both to strip off vapour from the liquid surface and to ignite the air vapour mixture produced. Auto-ignition temperature For a burning cigarette, a given parameter involved in the combustion process cannot be discussed in isolation from the others but for ignition by hot surfaces the number of these factors is reduced. It has been found that at the temperatures encountered in a cigarette where the smoulder is stable (ca 700Â °C to 775Â °C) ignition of methane and gasoline by a hot surface in this temperature range is highly unlikely. For methane, temperatures in excess of 1,000C are needed for ignition. Temperatures in the region of 900Â °C to 950Â °C are generated when a cigarette is puffed, so even at this elevated temperature methane would not be expected to be ignited. During the puff of a cigarette in a flammable atmosphere there will be a continuous flow of fuel and air drawn into the combustion zone. Only substances with short ignition delay times, of around 1 millisec or less, at the temperatures encountered in the cigarette, will be expected to be ignited. For substances with long ignition delay times cooler reactants would be swept into the path of reacting fuel and oxygen molecules, before a flame could propagate through the mixture. Namely that methane and gasoline constituents are not ignited, diethyl ether is but after a long delay and hydrogen and carbon disulphide are ignited. Quenching distance The ignition of flammable gases and vapours will probably take place in the airlgas space between the glowing tobacco fibres. It is possible that some substances are ignited in this region but the flame does not propagate to the flammable gas outside the cigarette. Guest [44] found that some surfaces, which formed a layer of scale or ash, e.g., iron or impure carbon, did not ignite natural gas mixtures with ease, and that surfaces which were strongly catalytic or possessed an interstitial structure required higher temperatures. This latter effect could be similar to the flame arresting property of a fine-mesh wire gauze (e.g., as in the Davy Lamp). Heat is conducted away by the gauze from the reacting gaslair mixture, lowering the temperature of the reactants and preventing the progression of flame to unburned fuellair mixture. This phenomenon is related to the quenching distance of the fuel and these distances for stoichiometric mixtures of fuels (at 20Â °C and one atmosphere) tested by cigarettes are given in Table 2 [57] and [58]. The substances which are ignited by a cigarette have the shortest quenching distances. These are the substances where, because of their reactivity, the loss of heat or destruction of reacting molecules at a boundary is not significant until the dimensions of the boundary are small. As with the other parameters discussed, this alone cannot provide an explanation why some substances are ignited and others are not. For example diethyl ether, which is ignited by cigarettes, has a greater quenching distance than hexane, which is not ignited.

Political Rhetoric During the American Revolution

Political rhetoric has been used since the ancient times. It has been used by public speakers from everywhere and to spring their audience to action. A great public speaker or writer is determined by his or her choice of words. In American history there have been documents that have had a tremendous impact on public opinion. Political rhetoric is extremely important because it can bring a society together for one common cause. When someone uses rhetoric effectively the reader starts to have a stirring in their heart because they feel inspired by what is being said. This usually leads them to take action and support the cause their referring to which in this case was the American Revolution. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense, the VA Declaration of Rights, and the Declaration of Independence were documents that greatly shifted public opinion and led the colonists to support the revolution with their use of rhetoric. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense was a political pamphlet written at the heels of the America Revolution that became extremely popular among the colonies. Thomas Paine was a Pennsylvania journalist during the time of the American Revolution. He began working on it in late 1775 and it was published in 1776. The rhetoric of this pamphlet along with its popularity greatly turned the tide in favor of rebelling against Great Britain. Paine wrote this pamphlet in a style that a common person could understand. The title itself contains rhetoric. By making the title Common Sense it implies that the contents of the pamphlet contain many common sense ideas that everyone reading it should understand. The wording of his pamphlet was very simple and contained many biblical references so it was also relatable to the colonists. It was extremely important that all colonists could understand the pamphlet because it would create a sense of unity and understanding among the rich and poor colonists. Paine’s main arguments were that it is foolish for such an island to rule a continent, Britain had selfish intentions in ruling the colonies, and being a part of Britain would involve America in unnecessary European wars that would limit their economic possibilities. Paine in the first section creates a distinction between society and government. He says society is a patron that promotes happiness and government is a punisher that restrains society. To best describe his vision on the relationship that society and government should have he gives an example of a few people who live in nature without government.. He gives the example of the few people creating a society because the colonists can relate that to themselves. At one point in time Great Britain left the colonies alone for the most part and they lived in peace. Once the government got involved and began to take for themselves is when the colonists started having all these problems. Paine also argues that all men are created equal and that the distinction of the king from his subjects oppresses this idea. â€Å"MANKIND being originally equals in the order of creation, the equality could only be destroyed by some subsequent circumstance; the distinctions of rich, and poor, may in a great measure be accounted for, and that without having recourse to the harsh, ill-sounding names of oppression and avarice. Oppression is often the consequence, but seldom or never the means of riches; and though avarice will preserve a man from being necessitously poor, it generally makes him too timorous to be wealthy. But there is another and greater distinction for which no truly natural or religious reason can be assigned, and that is, the distinction of men into KINGS and SUBJECTS. † Paine in his third section discusses the problems between the colonies and England and says the best route is to declare their independence from England. In his final section he offers great optimism about the militia during the revolution and how it can win this war. Thomas Paine’s use of rhetoric in Common Sense is the reason why it was so persuasive and popular and could have possibly been the reason that the colonists finally came and decided to revolt against Great Britain. The Virginia Declaration of Rights was written in 1776 to proclaim the natural rights of man including the right to rebel against an inadequate government. George Mason was the author of this document, which was adopted unanimously by the Virginia Convention of Delegates in 1776. It was the first document that protected individual rights rather than protecting just members of Parliament. The declaration states that all men have their natural rights, which are life, liberty, and property. The rhetoric in this document influenced future significant documents in American history. Thomas Jefferson drew great inspiration from this document when he wrote the Declaration of Independence a month later. He borrowed the idea of natural rights of man and implemented them into his document. James Madison was also influenced by the rhetoric and ideas of the Virginia Declaration when drawing the Bill of Rights. Aside from being incredibly influential for latter documents; the Virginia Declaration of Rights asserted the right of the Virginia people to rebel against Great Britain The Declaration of Independence was one of the greatest documents ever written in American history. This document officially stated that the 13 colonies had broken away from the control of Great Britain who they were at war with at the time. It stated the reasons for why the colonies declared independence and listed the grievances against the king of England. The rhetoric in this document is what makes it such a powerful piece of literature. This declaration contains many powerful quotes that can emotionally affect a reader. â€Å"We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness. This quote has been called one of the most potent and consequential in American history and for good reason. The rhetoric in this quote is very powerful because it uses a religious reference and relates it to the colonists. By saying that the Creator as in God has given colonists certain rights, it leads them to believe that nobody can take them away and this gives them a sense of worth and purpose that no government could take away. Jefferson listed the many grievances that the colonies had against Great Britain to give reason for their breaking apart. These were complaints that the colonists all had against the government and so it created a sense of unity among them all. The Declaration of Independence had to have strong rhetoric in order for it to be a successful document. It had to take a stand against the tyranny America was facing and had to show that they were serious about their independence. Not only did they have to show it to Great Britain but as well as the common people of the colonies because they were the ones fighting in the war and they needed the reassurance that this war was worth fighting for. The creators, by signing the declaration on the last page gave the colonists this reassurance because it showed them that they were not just aristocrats writing a document in Pennsylvania while the common people fought on the battlefield but they were also putting their lives on the line. The signers knew that if they were to lose the war they would be killed and so the colonists recognized this and were inspired by their willingness to die for this cause. This gave the colonist the reassurance they needed to finish out the war, eventually defeat England and gain their independence. In conclusion political rhetoric has had a dramatic influence on public opinion during the American Revolution. Thomas Paine’s Common Sense greatly shifted the public opinion towards revolution while the Virginia Declaration of Rights and the Declaration of Independence gave the colonists a sense of purpose and inspired them to rise up against Great Britain. It is hard to imagine what life in America would be like in present day had these documents not been written with such emotion and resolve. It is a good thing we do not have to find out. Bibliography: â€Å"Virginia Declaration of Rights. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 29 Aug 2009, 01:20 UTC. 29 Aug 2009 . â€Å"United States Declaration of Independence. † Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 21 Sep 2009, 03:39 UTC. 21 Sep 2009 . â€Å"Common Sense (pamphlet). † Wikipedia. Web. 19 Sept. 2009. . Paine, Thomas. Common Sense. Philadelphia: R. Bell, 1176. Print. â€Å"The Declaration of Independence. † Ushistory. org. Independence Hall Association, 4 July 1995. Web. 20 Sept. 2009.

A Message to Garcia: Characteristics

â€Å"A message to Garcia. † Narrates characteristics of a competent and capable employee, represented by Rowan, which his mission to bring a message to general Garcia. This man is organized, attentive, cooperative, and able to act independently, it is good doing his hob and does not need to be constantly monitored. He is a person focused on results. If a job is assigned to him, he looks for himself how to do it crisp, accrued as soon as possible. He has a great confidence in himself and what he does, so it has no fear of being fired. He is a man that can be trusted to carry out any work from the simplest to the most complicated and important. Personal responsibility means recognizing that you are responsible for your life and the choices you make. It means that you realize that while other people and events have an impact on your life, these people and events don’t shape your life. When you accept personal responsibility for your life, You own up to the fact that how your react to people and events is what’s important . And you can choose how to react to every person you meet and everything that happens to you. The essay exhorts the reader to apply this attitude to his own life as an avenue to success. In other words if you take what you learned from the essay and put it to every day tasks, even down to the simplest thing you can be successful. It shows that you can handle a task. â€Å" when Rowan was given a task of finding Garcia and told to take a message to him he straightway took the letter and went on his way. † He did not ask questions about his mission he simple took the letter and headed out to accomplish the task assigned. Rowan the massager displayed many of the of the leadership traits. Like courage , dependability, decisiveness, in other words this man would make an excellent example of how a leader should be. This book is among the commandants reading list for marines to better them self and seek self-improvement. What I got from this book is that the author wanted people to read this book and in away be like Rowan, like how he took the message with out questions and successful delivered the message. But what I think is that if ever one took on a task with out question everyone will not always secede with what they heave been assigned to do. It is in a person nature to always ask questions in order to get it done the right way.

Robert Bowers and Cesar Sayoc A Psychological Profile - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 1954 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/24 Category Management Essay Level High school Tags: Profile Essay Did you like this example? To date, there have been 307 mass shootings in the United States in 2018 alone nearly as many mass shootings as there are days in the year. According to a study in the ScienceDaily Journal, more people have died or been injured in mass school shootings in the United States in the past 18 years than in the entire 20th century. This rise of uncharted violence and terror begs the ultimate question, why? In order to attempt to answer this complex question, we must first establish the psychological profiles of the typical offender and extrapolate based on those assessments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Robert Bowers and Cesar Sayoc A Psychological Profile" essay for you Create order The key case studies this paper will consult are those of Robert Bowers and Cesar Sayoc. On October 28th, Robert Bowers, 46, shot and killed 11 people when he stormed into the Tree of Life synagogue. Here are some of the characteristics identified in Bowers profile: 1. He possessed (and broadcasted) extreme bigoted views, and was likely radicalized entirely online. While in custody after the Pittsburgh shooting and upon receiving medical treatment, Bowers told a SWAT officer he wanted all Jews to die and also that [Jews] were committing genocide to his people, according to the police criminal complaint. But that was just a simple side comment as compared to his previous sentiments on the social media platform Gab. On this website, Bowers regularly posted vulgar anti-immigrant and anti-Semitic comments with the central theme that Jews were either threatening the sanctity of the United States on their own or that they were aiding and abetting illegal invaders to do the same. Thus, Bowers directed the highest concentration of his vulgar sentiments towards HIAS (the Hebrew I mmigrant Aid Society). And according to the Southern Poverty Law Centers article Analyzing a Terrorists Social Media Manifesto, Bowers participated in a wider range of fixations and grievances shared across the broader far-right, including a call to arms against Antifa and a conspiratorial focus on the caravan of Central Americans fleeing violence. Additionally, the article went on to make the connection that much of Bowers online presence resembles those of countless other extremist users in that as with other alt-right killers, its likely that Bowers was radicalized entirely online. His posts on Gab echoed the classic themes in alt-right profiles: white genocide, nativism, and globalism. In this respect, Bowers is very similar to a lot of social media profiles operated by alt-right members. Additionally, there appear to be many similarities between Dylann Roof and Bowers both were tired of seeing their ideological peers only active on the internet. They also shared similar ideolo gical views around white genocide, and both targeted specific communities they saw as threatening and in need of cleansing (based on a steady intake stream of racist propaganda online). Both sought out victims in houses of worship. 2. He had no prior criminal history. One of the ways in which Bowers differs from the classic description of an alt-right extremist/killer is that he had no previous run-ins with law enforcement (discounting a traffic citation he received in 2015). According to a statement made by FBI Pittsburgh special agent Bob Jones on the day of the attack, we have no knowledge that Bowers was known to law enforcement before today. Even though Bowers had an active license to carry firearms, there are no records of previous any serious criminal activity he could have engaged in before this attack. 3. He was apolitical. One additional characteristic Bowers possesses (which puts him in stark comparison to other killers) is that he was and remains completely apolitical. Police found Bowers voter registration listed as no affiliation in Allegheny County, PA. Bowers even stated on his Gab profile that for the record, I did not vote for [Trump] nor have I owned, worn or even touched a MAGA hat. He is on record as having even called Trump a globalist, not a nationalist. In other words, Bowers disdain for Trump and all other mainstream political parties was with the fact that he believed Trump had too many Jews around him. According to yet another one of his posts to the infamous Gab website, Trump is surrounded by k****, things will stay the course. Another post written two days before the shooting reads: There is no #MAGA as long as there is a k*** infestation. 4. He had little to no higher education. Jim Brinsky, a childhood friend of Bowers, offered the testimony that although they drifted apart in hi gh school, Mr. Bowers was not listed in any activities or sports in his 1989 junior class yearbook and that he does not appear in the next years book as a senior at all. In other words, its unclear if Bowers ever graduated high school. 5. He lived an isolated lifestyle. For Robert Bowers, living alone with his grandmother as a 40 year old man seemed to be one of the additional factors that pushed him to commit this violent act. In addition, although his childhood friend Jim Brinsky never met Bowers parents he got the impression that Mr. Bowers had a difficult home life. Fast forward to the present day, and he lives in an apartment complex and had no guests, lived alone, and watched television late into the night by himself. According to his neighbor Chris Hall, there was nothing about him, not even a bumper sticker on his car. According to the sentiments of Brinsky, he was pretty much a ghost. Now, this paper will seek to develop a psychological profile for Cesar Sayoc the man who was charged by the FBI for sending 13 mail bombs to prominent politicians and other figures in the Democratic party. Below are the specific characteristics of Sayocs psychological profile. 1. He was an avid Trump supporter and had (as well as broadcasted) extremely bigoted views. For the two months prior to mailing the package bombs, Sayoc parked his van (plastered with Trump supporter stickers) outside of the Ultra Gentlemens Club in West Palm Beach where he worked. Some of the stickers on his van depicted some of Trumps critics with targets over their images. Although he was not known to his colleagues as having been involved with politics, Sayoc registered to vote as a Republican in 2016, and he posted prolifically on his two Facebook accounts and three Twitter feeds often making the subject of his posts about attacking liberals and posting videos from Trump rallies he attended. He regularl y posted about Tallahassee Mayor Andrew Gillum (the Democratic nominee in the Florida governors race) attacking the politician more than 80 times in October alone. Not only was Sayoc obsessed with Donald Trump, but he also broadcasted his bigoted views widely to anyone who would listen. Although he didnt make use of the same Gab online platform that Bowers did, Sayoc regularly told his employer about his views. According to Debra Gureghian, Sayocs manager at New River Pizza, he hated the Obamas. He called him a monkey and the n-word. He hated Hillary Clinton. He called her a lesbian And Adolf Hitler, he loved. Adolf Hitler he couldnt say enough about. On social media, Sayoc even went on to explicitly threaten the politicians he so despised. On Twitter, Sayoc said Go Trump Trump Trump hey Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. And Eric Himpton Holder Sr. Stick your BS all crap you talk where sun doesnt shine . We will meet your threats right to your face soon.Not option we will see you soon .Hu g loved ones real close we arent ones. Although the tweet is barely legible, its clear that Cesar Sayoc admired Trump and hated every other politician and racial group in the Democratic party and made explicit threats towards them online. 2. He had limited to no higher education. Although Sayoc attended the University of North Carolina at Charlotte from 1983 to 1984, he never graduated. He was an undeclared major who played on the schools soccer team. Additionally, Sayoc went to Brevard College in North Carolina in 1980 but only attended classes there for three semesters (and did not ultimately graduate). 3. He was estranged from his family and lived alone. According to police reports, Sayoc appeared to be living in his van and had been estranged from his family for several years. 4. He had issues with mental illness. When they first recognized Sayoc might have some difficulties with mental illness, his mother and sisters had urged him to seek medical treatment because he struggled with a lack of comprehension of reality, according to his attorney Ronald S. Lowy. Lowy added in a telephone interview that [Sayoc] thinks theres nothing wrong with him. In addition, Lowy stated that as Sayocs condition worsened when he became estranged from his family, Sayoc ha d been looking to fill the void his father left and found it in 2016 when Donald Trump ran for President. In other words, Sayoc believed that his father had abandoned him in early childhood when he decided to return to his native Philippines and looked to Donald Trump as a father figure. According to a cousin of Sayocs, hes always been a little bit of a loose cannon. Hes always been a lost soul too many steroids in his day. That stuff will melt your brain. Additionally, while on Good Morning America Sayocs lawyer said that although Sayoc was charismatic, he also seemed very immature and exhibited childish behavior, overall seeming like someone who was emotionally out of control. 5. He had a lengthy criminal history. Police records indicate that Sayoc had an extensive criminal past. He was first arrested for a violent crime in 2002 when he threatened to throw a bomb and claimed that it would be worse than 9/11. For this crime, he ultimately pleaded guilty and was given a special sentence for which a formal conviction was never made (but probation was ordered). He was also arrested for theft in 1992 and 2014. This history stands in stark comparison to Bowers, who had never committed any violent crimes which resulted in an arrest indicating that a violent act is not always indicative of a criminal history. Analysis and Concluding Thoughts After having made an evaluation of Bowers and Sayoc, there are some important differences to note. The first is that the criminal histories of the two attackers were completely different Bowers had no arrests with the exception of a minor traffic citation and Sayoc had been creating bombs since at least 2002. Thus, criminal histories are no clear indication of any future acts of terror. Additionally, both attackers had different motives for committing their crimes Bowers attack on the Pittsburg synagogue was religiously and ideologically motivated, whereas Sayocs attack on prominent Democratic politicians possessed more of a twinge of political motivation. Although these were some of the major psychological differences between the two attackers, they also possessed many similarities. Both men were living isolated lifestyles estranged from family members, both had a lack of formal to higher education, and both seemed to be radicalized online. According to Joe Navarro, a former FBI agent with the agencys Behavioral Analysis Program has described the psychological profile of terrorists as wound collectors, in that you have individuals who are collecting wounds, theyre looking for social ills or things that have gone wrong, and they are nourishing these things that theyre ideating [] the solution for them is violence. Although the many attac kers/terrorists the United States have had varied and complex backgrounds (with each one fitting a different set of characteristsics than the next), this psychological assessment seems to ring true as one of the unifiers for suspects of terrorism. That and the fact that most if not close to all terrorists are male. These kinds of psychological assessments are vital for rooting out future terror attacks from occurring, and for preventing as many unnecessary fatalities as possible.